We can see many technical terms in the PCBA industry. Because these words are not relatively long or exist in the form of phrases, it is not convenient to read, so we usually present them in abbreviated form, which is often not good for electronic enthusiasts or non-professionals. Next we will explore terms that frequently appear in the PCBA industry. Commonly used professional terms in the PCBA industry AOI: This is a detection method used in PCB assembly and PCB manufacturing, which is called automatic optical inspection. In the PCBA project, manufacturers ensure the quality of PCBA boards through various testing methods, and AOI inspection is one of them. In general, we can divide PCB testing methods into two types: equipment testing and manual testing. Just like its full name, AOI inspection is a means to rely on equipment to find component welding problems. Professional testers rely on AOI equipment to capture issues such as offset and polarity of soldered components. AQL: This term refers to the defect rate in the PCB production process acceptable to electronics manufacturers. The full name is Acceptance quality limit. As the number of PCB layers or component soldering increases, the probability of PCB assembly or manufacturing failure increases exponentially, which is detrimental to the manufacturing cost of PCBA boards. In order to control costs and delivery time, electronics manufacturers will specify their acceptable defect rate when communicating with PCBA processing plants. BGA: It is the term of PCB and PCBA production technology, and its full name is ball grid array. For most electronic devices, we recommend the use of integrated circuits, but traditional DIP is difficult to install components, so BGA was born. First of all, when manufacturing PCBs, manufacturers will leave rows of square dense holes on the board surface, which are used for BGA assembly. Most of the time electronics manufacturers require this technique because it increases the efficiency of the board since they use ball posts instead of pins. CAD: It means that designers use computers and other equipment to carry out PCB layout design. The full name is computer-aided design. We can find many PCB design tools on the Internet, they may be free or paid, but most of them do not provide three-dimensional space layout, which means that you need to observe the circuit on a plane. The CAD layout tool is different, it can provide the design of three-dimensional graphics, that is to say, you can observe the layout of the PCB 360° without dead angle through this software. CAE: An acronym for Computer Aided Engineering, referring to schematic software packages used to develop and visualize PCB designs. Introduction to the PCBA industry In most cases, users who search for explanations of PCB terms are mostly novices or enthusiasts. Maybe they understand the basic circuit structure design, but they can't go deep. PCBA is the abbreviation of PCB Assembly and it is still the process from bare board to finished circuit board. As far as I know, PCBA is currently more applicable in China, but it is not respected abroad, so its meaning is emphasized here. The process of PCBA is a simple process. For manufacturers, they need to use various automated equipment to complete the assembly. In most cases, when electronic manufacturing will provide design files to PCB assembly companies, if the files are feasible, the manufacturer will input instructions into the automation equipment for automatic completion. Although the assembly process is relatively simple, we still have to pay attention to the process, any small mistakes may lead to assembly failure.
The PCB industry is a B2B industry, and the cooperation between them is often based on trust. Any unhappiness in any link will lead to the collapse of trust between both parties. Therefore, PCB testing is considered an indispensable link. Taking FS Technology PCB testing as an example, we provide a variety of testing processes: manual inspection, AOI testing, assembly inspection, XRAY inspection, etc. In this article, we will discuss the simple PCB testing process, which is suitable for both PCBA processing factories and electronics enthusiasts.
As the most common and cheapest testing equipment, digital multimeters are often used in the testing process of circuit boards. If your board is a simple circuit configuration and can be powered normally, using a digital multimeter to check the rail voltage of the IC, the output of the voltage regulator will be the right choice. An oscilloscope can be used to verify the voltage waveform and communication of the powered board. To check for the presence of a Wi-Fi signal output from the PCBA, even a cell phone can come in handy.
With the assistance of a digital multimeter, we can easily find the leakage capacitor by adjusting the resistor setting. Specific steps: Set the meter to read in the high ohms range and touch the meter leads to the corresponding leads on the capacitor; red is positive and black is negative. The meter should start at zero and slowly move towards infinity. For large capacitor values, the ramp will be very slow.
Before making electrolytic measurements, disconnect the power supply and carefully discharge the capacitor by connecting a resistor across the leads. When the meter is on the ohms setting, it sends some constant current from the positive lead to the negative lead. An open cap will show open; a shorted one will show close to zero ohms.
Checking the operation of HMI interface items such as touch panels and switches may reveal functional issues due to connectivity or component issues.
Signal probing with a DMM or oscilloscope requires some knowledge of circuits to interpret the results, but it becomes much easier if you have a known good board to compare point-to-point results. The DC voltage test is first probed with reference to ground. When checking an IC, test the power pins first.
Most ICs can be identified by their markings, and many can be tested for operation to their published specifications using oscilloscopes and logic analyzers. Comparing an IC's behavior to that of a known good IC is a quick way to identify anomalous behavior.
An engineer's favorite habit of touching low-voltage parts of a circuit changes the impedance, which in turn changes the behavior of the system (or inadvertently overheats!). Used in conjunction with an oscilloscope, for example, this technique can help identify where additional capacitance is needed to eliminate unwanted oscillations.
Intermittent failures are the most challenging and time-consuming aspect of troubleshooting. Common irregular failures can be caused by overheated or degraded components, poor soldering, and loose connections. Long memory in oscilloscopes helps zoom in on signal records to find rare events. Using freeze spray in the right places can sometimes exacerbate and identify intermittent problems.
We usually use turbidity to measure the quality of water, which is considered accurate and it can clearly reflect the quality of water. In fact, we consider particles in water larger than 2 microns to be turbid.
Next we will make a simple electronic project of water turbidity indicator. Before starting this project we need to prepare some cheap PCB components and understand the general concept of water turbidity indicator.
Description of Easy Water Turbidity Indicator Water Turbidity Indicator Design Schematic
The above picture is the schematic diagram of this simple circuit, through which we can design water quality inspection equipment for low viscosity, low corrosive liquids, such as streams, lakes, etc. As shown in the picture above, this project is based on ASAIR's AZDM01 photoelectric turbidity sensor.
AZDM01 is a photoelectric turbidity sensor, which can be operated by applying a voltage of 5V across it, and a larger voltage requires replacing the resistor. After being powered on, AZDM01 can emit an infrared beam with a wavelength of 940nm, which can easily pass through the liquid to be tested. When the sensor inside AZDM01 receives the light signal, it will convert the light intensity into an analog output signal to estimate the turbidity of the target liquid.
The figure below shows the data obtained from the official website of the AZDM01 turbidity sensor:
The rest of the PCBA is a single-supply dual operational amplifier based on the LM358 IC (IC1A). Here the op amp is configured as a coarse inverting voltage comparator. It is worth noting that a comparator is a device that can have two inputs. Usually we use normal op amps that have their outputs not close to the supply rails, but somewhere in between, but that's not a significant number in this simple application.
In this water turbidity indicator, when the supply voltage is less than the threshold voltage, the output of the operational amplifier moves to the positive rail. Similarly, when the supply voltage is greater than the threshold voltage, it moves toward the negative rail. Resistor divider R3-R4 and supply voltage set the threshold voltage.
From the schematic diagram of the PCB, when the power supply voltage of the turbidity sensor is applied to the 2.2KΩ load resistance, the current will be greater than the rated value, and the green indicator light is on at this time, which means that the tested liquid is clear. On the contrary, when the red indicator light is on, it means that the tested liquid is cloudy. To limit the current flow, we will add a 100Ω resistor to the board to ensure proper operation of the circuit. It is worth mentioning that we have installed another resistor with a resistance value of 510Ω inside the simple version of the turbidity sensor for the same purpose as above. As shown below
A resistor with a resistance value of 510 ohms
Assembly and functional testing First of all, we need to install the core circuit board components on the PCB, and conduct a simple test on it to ensure that the circuit can operate normally according to the design principle. Submerge the simple version of the turbidity sensor in clean water and observe whether the green LED lights up. Submerge the simple version of the turbidity sensor in turbid water and watch for the red LED to light up. PCB assembly needs to pay attention to whether the components correspond to the positions on the schematic diagram, otherwise failures may occur, and components need to be desoldered to rebuild. Summarize If the prototype works fine, the water turbidity indicator circuit can be moved to a perf board or custom printed circuit board. A suitable housing can also be used to protect the entire electronics.
As a side note, a static threshold is used here, but it can be changed to a dynamic threshold by replacing the voltage divider with a 100KΩ trimpot or potentiometer. Additionally, an unused operational amplifier (IC1B) can be connected as a unity-gain buffer/voltage follower, feeding the analog output of the turbidity sensor (AN_OP) directly to a microcontroller such as an Arduino Uno or Raspberry Pi pico.
Summary: The PCB hype industry is also often referred to as circuit board copying, PCB copying can accomplish the removal of entire technical data sets from any electronic product, as well as product simulations and clones. So what is the cost of PCB copying? How to use PCB copy board? Then let's learn about it with FS Tech. 1. FS Technology analyzes the pcb copy board from a professional point of view PCB clones can help businesses stay up to date and keep up with the latest trends. Bring products to market in the shortest time and with the lowest development costs. And with the support of today's nearly perfect FS technology electronic cloning technology, product quality has been consistently guaranteed.
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2. In terms of user experience The pcb circuit boards produced by FS Technology are of good quality and low price. easily accepted by the public. It can not only enrich people's lives and experience new emotions of fashion trends, but also improve the profitability and industry competitiveness of enterprises.
3. For specific industries or research institutions. printed circuit board-fs technology
It can quickly overcome technical barriers, promote the development of active research, and narrow the gap with advanced technologies in developed countries. It is an effective and necessary tool.
4. About reproduction technology FS Tech copy board is not just copying or copying from time to time. It belongs to the field of reverse research. Once you have mastered the technology of the original equipment and tested its operation and use, you can carry out secondary development, that is, on the basis of fully understanding its schematic diagram, you can cut the product you need. Not only can you avoid "copyrights," but you can build your brand quickly, with shorter growth cycles, lower costs, and great profits.
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5. For the entire pcb industry Help to accelerate the development of the entire pcb industry. FS Technology electronic engineers are also actively looking for ways to maintain their superior market competitiveness and enhance product differentiation for a longer period of time. Its characteristic competitiveness has been maintained for a long time. On the one hand, it promotes the research of forward technology, and on the other hand, reverse research finds a broad space for development, which brings more opportunities for e-commerce.
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16.02.2023 03:49